Cross-Language Information Access: Looking Backward, Looking Forward

Assessing the Iranian Fiscal Sustainability in Past and Future through Tax Side of the Economy

This paper, I have focused on the tax side of the fiscal policy to  investigate the past and future behavior of fiscal sustainability in Iran. To do so, I have employed two different forward-looking and backward-looking approaches. First, the backward-looking approach is the fiscal policy rule proposed by Daving & Leeper (2011). Precisely, this rule determines that whether the fiscal policy is ...

Towards a Formalization of Responsibility

In this paper we aim at formalizing two distinct notions of responsibility: backward-looking responsibility and forward-looking responsibility. The first notion implies blameworthiness while the second one implies obligation. They are related to each other though, since, under certain conditions, forward-looking implies backward-looking. We claim here that an ideal framework of cooperative agen...

The Empirical Relevance of Simple Forward- and Backward- looking Models: A View from a Dynamic General Equilibrium Model

Recent research have provided evidence that backward-looking models fit the data well while purely forward-looking models seem to be inconsistent with data. Consequently, many recent papers in the monetary policy rule literature have used “hybrid” models, which contain both backwardand forward-looking components. In this paper, I demonstrate that a dynamic general equilibriummodel with flexible...

Looking Forward, Looking Backward: The Greek Continuum Review of After Antiquity: Greek Language, Myth, and Metaphor

Pricing Access: Forward-looking versus Backward-looking Cost Rules

Regulators across many different jurisdictions and industries have recently adopted the practice of setting access prices based on the current costs of providing the relevant facilities. Though widely regarded as being efficient, the efficiency implications of using current costs instead of historical costs have not been formally analyzed. Our analysis shows that given stochastic costs, forward...